The revival of the recorder as such had its beginnings towards the end of the 19th century when large museum collections of antique musical instruments were assembled and a growing interest in pre-classical music helped produce a climate in which the recorder could again flourish. In 1885 a group from the Brussels Conservatoire played flauti dolci in a Sinfonia Pastorale from Jacopo Peri’s Eurydice and a 16th-century March of the Lansquenets performed at the International Inventions Exhibition held in the Albert Hall galleries in South Kensington, London, in conjunction with a display of musical instruments, some brought by Victor-Charles Mahillon (1841-1924) from The Brussels Conservatoire (Musical Times 1 August 1885; George Bernard Shaw, Dramatic Review, 4 July 1885), including his own copies of instruments by Kynseker from the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg. And in Britain during the 1890’s and early 1900s, the research and lectures of Canon Francis Galpin, Dr Joseph Cox Bridge and Christopher Welch drew further attention to the recorder in musical circles, though nothing was known about its technique or repertoire. In particular, Galpin organized concerts and rustic fêtes using recorders as well as cornetti, serpents, lutes and other instruments from his own collection (Godman 1959). A set of four renaissance-style recorders, made (in part) by Galpin and now in the Museum of fine Arts, Boston, were played by the Galpin Recorder Quartet in one of the Paraffin Concerts held in 1904 to raise money in aid of electric lighting in Galpin’s village, thus anticipating Dolmetsch by almost a quarter of a century.
It has often said (mistakenly) that the first modern recorder was made in 1919 by Arnold Dolmetsch (1858-1940) based on an 18th-century original in his possession. In the light of the previous paragraph, it is perhaps relevant that Dolmetsch received his musical training at the Brussels Conservatoire where he first came into contact with musicians playing early musical instruments from the collection belonging to the conservatoire. Indeed, MacMillan (2003) relates that the young Arnold Dolmetsch heard a recorder consort of student wind players in Brussels in 1873. In 1883, he moved with his family to London, to enroll at the newly opened Royal College of Music, where he could further his interest in ‘early music’. From concert programs it seems that Dolmetsch was performing on the recorder as early as 1900, possibly on an instrument borrowed from Joseph Cox Bridge or Canon Francis Galpin (both of whom had lectured on the recorder), five years ahead of his purchase in 1905 of the celebrated Bressan instrument (now in the Horniman Museum, London) and subsequently used by him in concerts (Williams 2007). A parody by A.A. Sykes entitled L’Allegro up to Date published in Punch (16 December 1903: 424) includes mention of Arnold Dolmetsch who “Tootles his native wood-wind wild.”
Interestingly, Dolmetsch’s Bressan appears to have been severely modified, probably by Carl Dolmetsch (Meadows 1994, Williams 2007: 347): its block and ivory mouthpiece are not original, and the narrow, curved windway of Bressan recorders that produces their characteristic focused, reedy sound is absent, replaced by a wide, straight windway like that adopted for recorders emanating later from the Dolmetsch workshop. Initially, Dolmetsch and his associates made recorders for his family and others in their circle to play. Early purchasers of these instruments include Judith Masefield (daughter of the poet John Masefield), the cartoonist Edmund X. Kapp, Sir Bernard Darwin (son of Charles Darwin), possibly George Bernard Shaw (O’Kelly 1990) and the Australian geologist and translator Marcel Aurousseau (1891-1983; pers. comm. 1977). The recorder figured in the first Haslemere Festival in 1925 (Hunt 2002). At the second Haslemere Festival in 1926, Dolmetsch presented a consort of soprano, alto, tenor and bass recorders of modern design (Cambell 1975), which were made available to the public at large. However, prior to WW2, a number of recorders were made by Dolmetsch which were virtually indistinguishable from the baroque originals on which they were based, among them a boxwood alto at A=415 Hz, formerly in my own collection, and another in the possession of my compatriot, Alexandra Williams (2005: 347).
Alto recorder, by Arnold Dolmetsch after Bressan (Australia-Sydney: Powerhouse, Accession 2012/41/2)
A copy by the Munich maker Gottlieb Gerlach (1856-1909) of an original eighteenth-century alto by J.C. Denner has recently come to light (Kirnbauer and Gutmann 1992), predating Dolmetsch by at least ten years. The instrument made by Gerlach was for use by the astonishing Bogenhausen Künstlerkapelle (Bogenhausen Artists’ Band) which performed arrangements of music by Handel, Scarlatti, Gluck, Mozart, Chopin, Bizet and others on recorders (by J.C. Denner, Jacob Denner, Bressan, Schuechbaur, Walch, Oberlender, Schell, and Anon.), and other original instruments from 1897 until it was disbanded in 1939 (Moeck 1978, 1982), including an appearance in London in 1900. It is conceivable that Arnold Dolmetsch attended the latter performance.
Members of the Bogenhauser Künstlerkapelle (1897-1939)
The Bogenhausers became an established part of the musical scene in Munich, playing for civic receptions and festivals (including the 1925 Munich Bach Festival) and broadcasting. The arrangements played by the Bogenhausers survive in manuscript and include some very demanding music indeed – the alto part in some instances involving rapid passages in the third octave (Nikolaj Tarasov, pers. comm., 2000).
Ensemble Arcimboldo plays from the original part books of the Bogenhausen Künstlerkapelle in a concert given in 2011 at the Natural History Museum, Basel
Peter Harlan (1898-1966) started what is now called the German Recorder Movement, aimed at furthering the spirit of the German Youth Movement. His chosen vehicle was to be an uncomplicated folk instrument suitable for advancing the cause of society through the euphoric experience of what was later called “Mussiche Bildung”, musical development. Spurning historical accuracy and professional musical training, he leaned from the very outset towards the renaissance type of recorder but freely expressed in order to indulge his own fantasies as an instrument maker. In his own words, Harlan wanted an instrument “whose sound could not be enhanced, no matter how great the art; whose essence could not be altered by any virtuosity”. Contrary to popular belief, and even to his own claims (Harlan 1953), Harlan never made recorders himself (Moeck, 1982, Thalheimer, 2006). He was already familiar with the Kynseker copies made by Walcker for Prof. Gurlitt in 1921, and with a copy of a Denner original from the Berlin Museum of Musical Instruments made for him before he attended Dolmetsch’s first Haslemere Festival with Max Seiffert in 1925. Following his visit to England, Harlan had an instrument made for him by the Markneukirchen flute maker Kurt Jacob (1896-1973) modeled on another instrument in the Berlin Collection (Rummel, 1977, Thalheimer 2010). Jacob continued to develop the design along the lines indicated by Harlan. The first available Harlan recorder, an alto in e’, was offered for sale in 1926. In the following year, a quartet of instruments was offered in E and A with what has come to be known as ‘German fingering’ (perhaps better termed ‘Harlan fingering’) and a range of one-and-a-half octaves. These instruments had large bores but lacked exact historical models. The dramatic growth of the Vogtland musical instrument industry started by Peter Harlan to fuel the so-called German Recorder Movement (inspired by the German Youth Movement) and its associated “Musiche Bildung” (musical development) programs resulted in some 50 or so Markneukirchen workshops producing recorders in the latter category, amongst them Adler, Gofferje, Heinrich, Kehr, Kruspe, Mollenhauer. The products of this industry were also re-badged and marketed by established music companies such as Bärenreiter, Merzdorf, Moeck, Nagel, and others.
Recorders marketed by Peter Harlan
In the USA, there was nothing to compare with Germany’s Youth Movement in sparking an interest in folk music and archaic instruments. The Niagara Falls High School Recorder Quartet was established in 1932 (Cornstock, 1992). Also in the 1930s, Margaret Bradford Boni had introduced Dolmetsch recorders to students at the City and Country School in New York City (Burgess, 2015, 35), and Irmgard Lehrer established herself as a recorder instructor at her Center for Recorder Music in New York and taught at Smith College in Northhampton, Massachusetts, and at the Julliard School in Manhattan). Carl Dolmetsch’s annual concert tours (begun in 1936), performances by ensembles like the Trapp Family Singers, and soloists such as Alfred Mann and Anton Winkler together with the work of craftsmen David Dushkin and William Koch laid the groundwork for a popular recorder movement. In passing, it is interesting to note that amongst the early presidents of The American Recorder Society (founded by Suzanne Bloch in 1939) was Erich Katz, Wilibald Gurlitt’s former assistant in Freiburg (Haskell 1996, Bixler 2007, 2007). As a conductor, instrumentalist, teacher and composer Paul Hindemith (himself a recorder player) wore several hats in the early music revival, directing the Yale University Collegium Musicum from 1940 to 1953 which included recorder players among its members.
Theodor Adorno (1956) was to lambast the German Recorder Movement by declaring “One has only to hear the sound of the recorder – at once insipid and childish – and then the sound of the real flute: the recorder is the most frightful death of the revived, continuously dying Pan”. Now, although it is easy for us today to condemn or ridicule Harlan’s efforts (and even that of the Dolmetsches and their circle) they must be seen in the social context of their day. At that time, Ravizé tried to introduce into Paris schools the pipeau, a six-holed celluloid or metal flageolet, as did van de Velde in Tours. Bamboo pipes were introduced into schools in the U.S.A. in the 1920’s and later into those of Great Britain when Hilda King, director of a school in London, began making them along with her students in 1926. The Bamboo Pipers Guild, founded by Margaret James in 1932 (Williams 2007), with its president none other than Vaughan Williams, was championed by Louise Hanson-Dyer (1884-1962, an expatriate Australian and the patron of Editions L’Oiseaux Lyre) in France (where she was able to move composers such as Auric, Ibert, Milhaud, Roussel, Poulenc and Australia’s Arthur Benjamin and Margaret Sutherland to write for this medium), as well as by John Manifold, another Australian . Indeed, the Pipers Guild of Great Britain is still active, as are similar groups in Austria, France, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, Italy and America. And there are obvious parallels with plucked string (mandolin and guitar) orchestras, accordion orchestras, harmonica bands and brass bands found throughout the world.
In 1934, Edgar Hunt secured the sole agency in England for factory-made recorders from the German firm Herwig (Herwiga-Rex, a trademark of Gustav Hernsdorf) which was soon taken up by Maynard Rushworth of Liverpool (Kenworthy 1963, Moeck 1982, Hunt 2002). Herwig supplied recorders with so-called English fingering for the UK mass-market, as well as offering a cheaper line under the brand-name Hamlin thus bringing recorders within the reach of the general public.
Plastic (phenolic resin) Schulblockflöten (school recorders) were first made in Germany. As early as 1936, recorders by Paul Reinhard Stark of Wohlhuasen-Markneukirchen were marketed as “Pastalit-Musicus” (Thalheimer 2013: 110). And composite recorders with plastic (‘Acolit’) head joints and wooden bodies made by Oscar Adler, Markneukirchen, appeared under the brand-name “Sonora-Acolit-Blockflöte” around 1940 (Thalhemier 2013: 121).
A ‘Fitzroy’ recorder with a ‘Bakelite’ (phenolic resin) head and a wooden body was available in the UK in 1939 (Anna Wells, pers. comm. 2000). Cellulosic plastic recorders were manufactured in England by Schott & Co. early in World War II. The first batch was tested and packed by Walter Bergmann in November 1941 (Martin, 2002). They were sent to German-held prisoners-of-war, particularly those in the RAF, to help while away the years of captivity (Kenworthy 1963, Moeck 1982, Hunt 2002).
Schott plastic recorder
Dolmetsch did not commence the production of plastic (Bakelite) recorders until 1947 (Ward 1949). By 1948 Rose, Morris & Co. (London) were also marketing a ‘Dulcet’ plastic recorder made by John Grey & Sons who may well have been making them before this. In the USA, the Lewis & Scott Mfg. Co., Plantsville, Connecticut, were making a ‘Scotty Piccolo Recorder’ in 1939 from black ‘Tenite’ (a versatile, durable, and attractive cellulosic plastic produced by Kodak and manufactured by Frank Aman & Co.): an example can be examined in the Dayton Miller Flute Collection at the Library of Congress, Washington (DCM 1386). However, the fingering chart with a plastic recorder designed and manufactured by Frank Aman himself, formerly in my own possession (Australia-Sydney: Powerhouse, Accession 2012/41/3), is dated 1938.
The ‘Aman’ recorder was marketed by the Tonette Co., Chicago, a subsidiary of the Gibson guitar company. Recorders and ‘tonettes’ (a greatly simplified recorder, also designed and produced by Frank Aman) were marketed in their thousands by the Gibson guitar company to stave off hard times during the war (Carter 1991, Bellson 1973). Incidentally, the Aman recorder has raised finger holes and German-style fingering, strongly reminiscent of the “Pastalit” recorders produced by Stark around 1936 (see above). The accompanying information leaflet describes the material as ‘Durez’ which probably refers to the Durez Company established in New York in 1923 which continues to produce thermosetting phenolic resins and molding compounds to this day.The instrument is of no musical value whatsoever.
It might be said that the revival of the recorder early last century, its popularisation amongst amateurs between the wars, and its subsequent mass production in both England and Germany for use in schools were based loosely on one hand on the baroque-style recorder and on the renaissance model on the other. However, in reality, no particular historical model was closely followed by either camp.
Until the 1970s, designers of mass-produced instruments for amateur and school use produced recorders with a somewhat blander, flute-like tone than the originals on which they were based. Such instruments continue to be made but, whilst they perform reasonably well in consorts, they often sound harsh and discordant when played together by children or adult amateurs. Increasingly, better-quality factory-made instruments are modeled on baroque originals and serve well in solo or ensemble contexts. For those seeking a more homogenous blend for consort work, affordable renaissance-style instruments are made by Kobliczek, Moeck and Mollenhauer.
References cited on this page
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- Bellson, Julius. 1973. The Gibson Story. Kalamazoo, Michegan: Julius Bellson.
- Bixler, Martha. 2007. The American Recorder Society and Me … a Memoir. ISSUU.
- Bixler, Martha. 2007. “A History of the American Recorder Society: A Memoir [continued].” American Recorder 48 (3): 18–30.
- Burgess, Geoffrey. 2015. Well-Tempered Woodwinds: Friedrich von Huene and the Making of Early Music in a New World. Bloomington & Indianapolis: University Press.
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- Carter, Walter. 1991. “Keeping the Flame Alive!” Amplifier
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- Thalheimer, Peter. 2013. Vergessen und wiederentdeckt : die Blockflöte : 200 Instrumente der Jahre 1926 bis 1945 aus vogtländischen Werkstätten = Forgotten and Rediscovered : The Recorder : 200 Instruments Made in the Vogtland Region Between 1926 and 1945. Vol. 3. Meisterleistungen deutscher Instrumentenbaukunst = Masterpieces of German Instrument Making. Markneukirchen: Verein der Freunde und Förderer des Musikinstrumenten-Museums Markneukirchen e. V.
- Ward, C. Leslie C. 1949. The Dolmetsch Workshops. Revised 1954-1961. Haslemere: Arnold Dolmetsch Ltd.
- Williams, Alexandra. 2007. “‘Bonnie Sweet Recorder’: Some Issues Arising from Arnold Dolmetsch’s Early English Recorder Performances.” Early Music 35 (1): 67–80.
- Williams, Alexandra. 2005. “The Dodo Was Really a Phoenix: The Renaissance and Revival of the Recorder in England 1879-1941.” Ph.D. dissertation, Melbourne: University of Melbourne.
Cite this article as: Lander, Nicholas S. 1996–2018. Recorder Home Page: History: Modern period. Last accessed 20 June 2018. http://www.recorderhomepage.net/history/