Recorder Home Page

Recorder Iconography

Compiled by Nicholas S. Lander

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Miquel Nadal (15th century), Spanish

Retablo de los Santos Cosme y Damián con la Virgen (1453-1455), Miquel Nadal. Barcelona: Basilica del Santo Antonio de Padua. Ref. Gudiol (1986: 678); Rowland-Jones (1997: 14). Three angels play what look like SAT recorders; others play rebec, lute and harp.

Franz Johann Heinrich Nadorp (1794-1876), German

St Cecilia with Musical Angels, drawing on transparent paper, 12.6 × 8.9 cm, Franz Johann Heinrich Nadorp (1794-1876). Münster: Westfälisches Landesmuseum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte. Ref. Munich RIdM (2003: MÜlm - 74/6); Anthony Rowland-Jones (pers. comm., 2003). On a bench beneath the figures lie a lute, a violin and bow, and a tambourine (with two rows of jingle rings) beneath which is a recorder. The window/labium andd double holes for the lowermost little finger are clear, but the recorder is largely hidden. One of a series of sketches containing musical instruments.

Antoine Le Nain

French painter of scenes from peasant life, portraits, miniatures and groups; born Laon (ca 1588), died Paris (1648); brother of Louis and Mathieu Le Nain.

Le Vieux Joueur de Flageolet / The Village Piper (1642), oil on copper, 21.3 × 29.2 cm, Antoine Le Nain (ca 1588-1648). Detroit: Institute of Arts, Inv. 30.280. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 12, pl. 7-col.); Bridgeman Art Library (2003: Image DTR 114398), Detroit Institute of Arats (2007 - col.) An old man seated plays a narrow, flared bell-recorder (all seven fingers down), whilst three boys, a girl and a maidservant listen. Probably refers to the same painting as above. Possibly one of a number of copies.
Le Vieux Joueur de Flageolet, engraving after Antoine Le Nain (ca 1588-1648). Private Collection. Ref. Pottier (1992: 29, pl. 16; 1995: 128, pl 2 - b&w). An old man plays a small duct-flute (probably a six-holed pipe).
La Danse des Enfants, Antoine Le Nain (ca 1588-1648). Switzerland: Private Collection. Ref. Pottier (1992: 30, pl. 17); Rosenberg (1993: cat. 16, pl. 8-col.) A young boy standing plays a narrow, flared-bell recorder (seven fingers down), whilst a group of children dance watched over by a maidservant.
Peasant Children, oil on copper, 21.6 × 27.9 cm, Antoine Le Nain (ca 1588-1648). Glasgow: Burrell Collection, 35/578; Ref. Marks et al. (1983/3: 145, fig. 1-col.); Rosenberg (1993: cat. 18). Shows six children, one with a duct-flute (probably a six-holed pipe since the little finger of the player's lower hand is held under the instrument). There is a copy of this painting at Berwick on Tweed (see below)
Peasant Children, Antoine Le Nain (ca 1588-1648). Berwick-on-Tweed: Art Gallery. A copy of the above. Shows six children, one with a duct-flute (probably a six-holed pipe since the little finger of the player's lower hand is held under the instrument).
Portraite dans un Intérieur (1647), oil on canvas, 28 × 38 cm, Antoine Le Nain (ca 1588-1648). Detail. Paris: Musée de Louvre, Inv. RF 519. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 20, pl. 9 - col.); Lallement (1997: 198); Joconde Website. A boy, seated, plays a narrow, flared-bell recorder (seven fingers down) whilst his family listen, including two cats.

Louis Le Nain [sometimes called 'Le Romain']

French painter of scenes from peasant life whose large scale works in subdued colours convey a sense of identification with his subjects; born Laon (ca 1593), died Paris (1648); brother of Antoine and Mathieu Le Nain.

Paysage à la Chapelle, Louis Le Nain (?1598-1648). Hartford: Wadsworth Athenaeum. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 33, pl. 20-col.); Pottier (1995: 129, pl. 3-b&w); Recorder Magazine 20(1): front cover-col. – detail; 36-b&w (2000). A young woman plays a slender, flared-bell recorder (seven fingers down); in front of her and to the sides sit her family, including a sleeping dog; behind lies a church, and beyond that a village.
Paysage avec Vieille Femme et Vielleur (ca 1640), oil on canvas, 46.5 × 57 cm, Louis Le Nain (?1598-1648). Detail. Washington: National Gallery of Art, Samuel H. Kress Collection 1946.7.11. Ref. Pottier (1992: 26, pl. 13); Rosenberg (1993: cat. 34, pl. 21-col.) An old woman sits watching a youth, a boy and a girl strolling in front of her. The boy plays a narrow, flared-bell duct-flute (probably a recorder). In the distance are open fields.
La Charrette or Le retour de fenaison (1641), canvas, 56 × 72 cm, Louis Le Nain (?1598-1648). Paris: Musée de Louvre, R.F. 258. Ref. Kitson (1966: 92, pl. 50-col.); Daudy (1967: 68, pl.); Gowing (1987: 384-col.); Pottier (1992: 32, pl. 19); Rosenberg (1993: cat. 35, pl. 22-col.) A boy and three girls stand atop a hay-waggon, the boy playing a narrow, flared-bell recorder (seven fingers down). In front of the waggon a woman nurses a baby; behind are a seated swineherd, his pigs and two more girls in front of a tumbledown cottage.
La Halte du Cavalier [The Resting Horseman] / Landscape with Figures, oil painting, 54.6 × 67.3 cm, Louis Le Nain (?1598-1648). London: Victoria & Albert Museum, CA1.17. Ref. Pottier (1992: 31, pl. 18); Rosenberg (1993: cat. 41, pl. 25-col.) A man sits to the right with his horse, a dog and some sheep. Opposite him stands a girl with a large copper bowl on her head. Between them stand two boys, one of whom plays a narrow, flared-bell duct-flute (flageolet or recorder).
Famille de paysans dans un intérieur (ca 1642), Louis (or Antoine) Le Nain (?1593-1648), oil on canvas, 113 × 159 cm, Detail. Paris: Musée de Louvre, Inv. RF 2081. Ref. White Lamb Publishing; La Città del'Arte; Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris 1989, IC-00-3799 & IC-00-5207/ Rosenberg (1993: cat. 46, pl. 30-col.); Artchive; Lallement (1997: 198); Joconde Website (1999). A woman holds a jug and a glass of wine. A young boy plays a very slender, flared-bell recorder to her leaning against a table around which a man and another woman sit. Three other children sit and stand in the background.
Le Vieux Joueur de Flageolet (1642), Antoine Le Nain (ca 1588-1648). Fort Worth: Kimbell Art Museum. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 42, pl. 31-col.) An old, bearded man plays a narrow, flared-bell recorder (seven fingers down). In front of him and to the left sits an old woman, her cat and a small dog. Opposite her a young woman nurses a baby. The rest of the family look on.
Interieur Paysan au Vieux Joeur de Flageolet (mid 17th century), oil on canvas, 61 × 75 cm, after Louis Le Nain (?1598-164). Lille: Musée des Beaux-Arts, Inv. P 411. Ref. Joconde Website (1999). Copy of an original preserved in a private collection (England). There is another version at Laon; and two more were sold in England in 1923 and 1924. Amongst his family, a peasant man plays a duct-flute (flageolet or recorder), and there is a basket, plates, a fireplace, a dog and cat. Not seen.
La Visite à la Grand-Mère [A Visit to Grandmother] (ca 1644-48), oil on canvas, 58 × 73 cm, Louis Le Nain (?1598-1648). St Petersburg: Hermitage, Inv. # 1172. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 47 & 1172, pl. 35-col.), Eisler (1990: 407-col. & 408-409, detail - col.), USSR Old Master Paintings (1979: 105-b&w, 114-115). A grandmother sits surrounded by her grandchildren, and there is a very attentive dog. A boy plays a narrow, flared-bell recorder.

Mathieu Le Nain

French painter of scenes from peasant life and portraits with a Flemish flavour; he became an official painter to the city of Paris (1633) and was made a Chevalier; born Laon (1607), died Paris (1677); brother of Antoine and Louis Le Nain.

Le Concert, Mathieu Le Nain (1607-1677). Laon: ? Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: pl. 67-col.) Identical to Three Musicians (sold Christie's, 1990). A man plays a lute sitting opposite a woman playing a guitar. Between them, a young boy sings. Behind, an elderly bearded man plays a very slender pipe (possibly a duct-flute).
Three Musicians, oil on canvas, Mathieu Le Nain (1607-1677). Location unknown: Offered for sale by Christie's, 15 June 1990 (sold). Ref. Gabrius Data Bank, OMP (2002 - col.) Identical to Le Concert, Laon: ? Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie. A man plays a lute sitting opposite a woman playing a guitar. Between them a young boy sings. Behind, an elderly bearded man plays a very slender pipe (possibly a duct-flute)
Intérieur d'Ecurie, ?Mathieu Le Nain (1607-1677). Laon: ? Musée d'Art et d'Archéologie. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 66, 66b). A copy of a lost original. A boy, seated, plays a recorder watched by his mother, a child and two girls.
Le Joueur de Flageolet or Le Bastion, Mathieu Le Nain (1607-1677). London: Victoria and Albert Museum (two versions). Ref. Pottier (1992: 27, pl. 14); Rosenberg (1993: cat. 67). A child stands in the wall of a fortification playing a small duct-flute (flageolet or recorder). The parents sit each side.
Musicians (1677), attributed to Mathieu Le Nain (1607-1677). London: Dulwich Gallery. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 72); Website: klassiskgitar.net (2007 - col.) An elderly, bearded man plays a slender, flared-bell recorder accompanied by a younger man playing a guitar. Behind them stands a young woman.
Trois Hommes dont un Guitariste et un joueur de Flageolet, Mathieu Le Nain (1607-1677). France: Private Collection. Ref. Rosenberg (1993: cat. 73). Identical to the above but without the young woman (or a 'third 'man').
Peasants in a Tavern (1640's), oil on canvas , 78 × 94.5 cm, Mathieu Le Nain (1607-1677). St Petersburg: Hermitage, Inv. # 328. Ref. Eisler (1990: 404). A small boy in the background plays a pipe, probably a recorder judging by the thumb position.

Giovanbattista Naldini

Italian painter and draughtsman; his style of drawing was individual but reminiscent of his teacher, Jacopo Pontormo; his painting is characterised by expressive freedom and warm colouring; born Fiesole (ca 1537), died Florence (1591).

Apollo and the Muses; Diana Surprised by Actaeon, oil on copper, 32 × 24 cm, Giovanbaattista Naldini (ca 1537-1591). Vercelli: Museo Borgogna. Ref. Museo Borgogna (2002). In the first panel Apollo (with Pegasus behind him) is surrounded by the Muses amongst whom Euterpe holds a slender, flared-bell pipe, possibly a recorder.

Célestin Nanteuil (lithographer) – see Titian (1474/1482-1576)

Taiichi Nakazato

Contemporary Japanese artist who has studied in Italy. He lives in Okinawa.

Il flauto dolce, Taiichi Nakazato. A stylised recorder player against a green background.

Mariotto di Nardo

Italian artist active in Florence and central Italy who painted in the rediscovered tradition of Giotto; his interest in sculpture and his almost obsessive rendering of plastic form in painting make his style easily identifiable and markedly different from that of his contemporaries; born 1394, died 1424/31; son of the sculptor Nardo di Cione ( fl. ca 1480, namesake of the painter).

Coronation of the Virgin (1408), tempera on panel, 135 × 70 cm, Mariotto di Nardo (1394-1424/31). Minneapolis: Institute of Arts, Acc. # 65.37. Ref. Brown (1985: #286-b&w); Thomson & Rowland-Jones (1995: 6, pl. 3); Minneapolis Institute of Arts (2003). Angels play fiddles and an ambiguous pipe which could just as well be a shawm, though these are rare in soft music ensembles.

Brown's (1995: 6) argument that this is a recorder of the Dordrecht kind is seriously misplaced as the instrument depicted here lacks any hint of either the beak or window characteristic of duct-flutes (flageolet or recorder), and its foot is hidden by a fiddle-playing angel on the recorder player's left.
Adoration of the Shepherds, ?tempera on wood, Mariotto di Nardo (1394-1424/31). Rome: Pinacoteca Vaticana, 1385 r. Ref. Website: Milosierzia Bialstocki Biuletyn Koscielny 164: December (2003). Mary, Joseph and two shepherds pray beside Jesus' crib. Above hover musical angels of whom five play shawms (with flared bells) and a sixth plays a slender cylindrical pipe which may represent a duct-flute, possibly a recorder.

Francesco Nasocchi (ca 1478 – ca 1550) & Bartolomeo Nasocchi (op. 1508-1541), Italian

Virgin and Child with Saints Francesco Nasocchi (ca 1478 – ca 1550) & Bartolomeo Nasocchi (op. 1508-1541). Cismon: Chiesa di Primolano. Ref. Gerola (1910: 61); Rasmussen (1999b). "Three little angels in front of the throne sing and play lute and recorder" (Rasmussen, loc. cit.)

Charles Joseph Natoire

French artist and Director of the French Academy in Rome; known for his elegant mythological and historical paintings and portraits; considered a rival of Boucher; born Nîmes (1700), died Castel Gandolfo (1777).

The Triumph of Bacchus (mid-18th century), oil on canvas, 199 × 225 cm, Charles Joseph Natoire (1700-1777). Paris: Musée de Louvre, Inv. 6854. Ref. Lallement (1997: 201-202); Joconde Website (1999). Bacchus is drawn in a chariot pulled by three ?tigresses, accompanied by a throng of nymphs and satyrs. Lying in the foreground, a semi-clad women is served grapes which she holds aloft, squeezing them to allow the juice to trickle into her mouth. Cherubs doze or clamour for attention. To the side, a young woman is encouraged by a man as she plays a slender pipe, probably a duct-flute (possibly a recorder).

Johannes Natus

Dutch artist whose small oeuvre includes landscape and genre paintings with characteristic light and color effects; active in Middelburg (1658-1662), but possibly originally from Rotterdam.

Interior, oil on canvas, Johannes Natus (op. 1658-1662). Location unknown: auctioned 12/12/2002 (sold). Ref. Gabrius Data Bank (2007 - col.) Three men sit at a table in a tavern; two are drinking; the third leans against the wall playing a duct-flute (possibly a recorder) the window/labium of which is visible, but no other details.

François-Joseph Navez

Belgian naturalist painter of portraits, rural scenes, religious and mythological subjects; born Charleroi (1787), died Brussels (1869).

The Flute Player, oil on panel, François-Joseph Navez (1787-1869). Ref. Gabrius Data Bank, OMP (2002 - col.) A rural scene in which country folk (two women, a boy and a girl) gaze in rapt attention at a man in scarecrow's hat who is about to play a small flared-bell duct-flute, the beak of which is just visible. All the fingers of the player's lowermost (left) hand seem to be covering their holes, so this is quite possibly meant to be a recorder.

Tatyana Grigorievna Nazarenko

Russian artist who was accepted into Russia's official arts organization, the Moscow Union of Artists, in 1969, and has been an important figure in Russian art and intellectual circles for over a quarter of a century; her work extends the boundaries of contemporary Socialist Realism to include social critique; born Moscow (1944).

Moscow Nights (1978), Tatyana Grigorievna Nazarenko (1944-). Moscow: Tretyakov Gallery. Ref. Bridgeman Art Library (2001: image 56604). Catherine the Great; guitar; recorder. Not seen.

Pietro Negri (1635/40 – ca 1679), Italian (Venetian)

Mercury and Argus, oil on canvas, 1143 × 1744 cm, Pietro Negri (1635/40 – ca 1679). Caen: Musée des Beaux-Arts, No. 37. Ref. Catalogue (1928: 37); Rowland-Jones (1998c: 16; 1999); Joconde. Mercury lulls Argus to sleep by playing on a renaissance-style flared-bell recorder, his dagger nearby. His recorder is away from his lips, but still held with his fingers slightly away from the holes. The window/labium is very clear and seven slightly rectangular finger-holes are in line. The instrument is cylindrical up to the bell, with only a slight flare at the very end (no decoration). There is very little beak. This is identical to a painting of the same subject by Negri recently offered for sale (see below).
Mercury and Argus, oil on canvas, 132 × 168 cm, Pietro Negri (1635/40 – ca 1679). Location unknown: Sotheby's (London), Old Master Paintings, 18 October 1995, Lot 69 (sold). Ref. Gabrius Data Bank, OMP (2000 - col.); ArtNet (2007 - col.) Watched by Io (as a heifer), Mercury lulls Argus to sleep by playing on a renaissance-style flared-bell recorder, his dagger nearby. His recorder is away from his lips, but still held with his fingers slightly away form the holes. The window/labium is very clear and seven slightly rectangular finger-holes are in line. The instrument is cylindrical up to the bell, with only a slight flare at the very end (no decoration). There is very little beak. This is identical to a painting of the same subject by Negri in the Musée des Beaux-Arts, Caen (see above).

Rudolf Nehmer

German painter, draughtsman and recorder-player, it seems; born Bobersberg bei Crossen (1912), died Dresden (1983).

Self-portrait (1938), oil on wood, 89.9 × 85 cm, Rudolf Nehmer (1912-1983). Location unknown. Ref. Villa Grisebach Auktionen, 30 November 2002, Lot 291; Artnet (2007 - col.); CD Cover: Hans-Joachim Fuss, Flötensolowerke (2004 - col.) The artist stands before a small table turning a page of music on a desk music-stand with hand and holding a stoutly made tenor recorder of renaissance design in the other. Also on the ledge are a vase of flowers and three musical scores. The depiction of a renaissance-style recorder at this date is striking.
Musical Instruments (1957), Rudolf Nehmer (1912-1983). Location unknown. Ref. Website: klassiskitar.net (2007 - b&w.) A modern-day still-life. On a ledge in front of a window lie a lute and a neo-baroque alto recorder lie on a shelf with a vase with a single Dahlia and a notebook.

Ottaviano (di Martino) Nelli [di Nello] (1370/5 – p.1440), Italian

Last Judgement, brush drawing in brown and white on prepared blue paper, Ottaviano Nelli (1370/5 – p.1440). New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, Inv. 1975.1.562 Ref. Constance Old (ex Amanda Pond, pers. comm., 2002-b&w). To the trumpeting of angels and the approval of the Saints, God passes judgement on the sinners below amongst whom an Avenging Angel in armour raises his fists. Between his wings projects what has been taken to be the head of a duct-flute, but seems more likely to be the hilt of his sword.

Neri di Bicci

Italian painter and a sought-after teacher; born Florence (1418), died Florence (1492); son of Bicci di Lorenzo (1373-1452), also a painter.

Coronation of the Virgin, oil on panel, 158 × 169 cm, Neri di Bicci (1418-1492). Image from Carol L. Gerten (Jackson). Avignon: Musée du Petit Palais, Inv. 20252. Ref. Laclotte & Mognetti (1977: pl. 178); Amanda Spooner (pers. comm., 2002). Christ crowns Mary watched by saints on either side and surrounded by angel musicians playing organetto, harp, psaltery, shawms, folded trumpets, lute, and a small cylindrical duct-flute (centre bottom). The latter instrument is slightly conical; the window/labium is partly visible; the beak is striated and apparently of a different material to the body; the fingers are somewhat haphazard, but the little finger of lowermost (left) hand seems to be covering its hole. Thus this is likely to represent a recorder rather than a flageolet.

Paul Neresheimer

German painter of landscapes, cityscapes; active in Munich (early 20th century). See Neresheimer Family Homepage.

Young Boy Playing a Recorder, oil on canvas, 90.3 × 64.7 cm, Paul Nersheimer (early 20th century). London: Bonhams, Modern & Contemporary British & Continental Pictures, 29 March 1995, Lot 392. Ref. Artfact (2003). Not seen.

Caspar [Gaspar] Netscher

German painter of the Baroque era who established a fashionable practice as painter of portraits and allegorical scenes in French style; active in Bordeaux and the Hague; born Heidelberg (ca 1635), died the Hague (1684); father of Constantin Netscher.

Shepherd and Shepherdess, 54 × 44 cm, Caspar Netscher (ca 1635-1684). Brunswick: Anton-Ulrich Museum. Ref. Plietzsch (1972: pl. 96); Archiv Moeck. shepherd holding a soprano flared-bell recorder (with paired finger-holes for the lowermost finger) gazes into the eyes of a shepherdess as they sit at the foot of a statue beside a stream. There is another version of this in the National Museum, Stockholm, attributed to Adriaen van der Werff. In both versions the models appear to be identical to those used in Werff's Pastoral Lovers.
Child Playing a Recorder, Caspar Netscher (ca 1635-1684). Munich: Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, 297 (3200). Ref. Munich RIdIM (1999: Mstag 468). A child holds a recorder, right hand uppermost.
Schäferstunde [The Shepherd's Hour], 53.5 × 45 cm, Caspar Netscher (ca 1635-1684). Munich: Neue Pinakothek. Ref. Ref. Kettering (1983: fig. 123); Rijksbureau voor Kunsthistorische Documentatie (2001); Anthony Rowland-Jones (pers. comm., 2001). A naked shepherd embraces a lightly clad shepherdess. By his foot can be seen the lower end of a recorder with a slight bell flare, paired little finger-holes and four other finger-holes visible. There is an identical painting in the Kurpfälzisches Museum, Heidelberg (see below).
Schäferszene am Bunnen [Shepherd Scene at Bunnen], oil on canvas, 55.5 × 45.5 cm, Caspar Netscher (ca 1635-1684). Heidelberg: Kurpfälzisches Museum, L 40. Ref. Munich RIdIM (2002: HDkm-25); Anthony Rowland-Jones (pers. comm., 2002). Surrounded by their animals in a garden with a fountain and statues, a shepherd embraces a shepherdess. At his feet, its head covered by her legs, lies a flared-bell recorder, the lowermost finger-hole of which is offest to the right. There is an identical painting in the Neue Pinakothek, Munich (see above).

Constantin Netscher

Dutch portraitist; born 1668, died 1723; son of the artist Caspar Netscher.

[Untitled] (ca 1820), engraving after a painting by Constantin Netscher (1668-1723). Ref. Archiv Moeck. Sitting at a table on which stands an oil lamp, a young man plays a flared-bell, one-piece soprano recorder.

Maximilian Neustück

Swiss artist; born Mainz (1756), died Basel (1834).

The Hoffmann Children, Maximilian Neustück (1756-1834). Rheinfelden: Private Collection. Ref. Archiv Moeck. Four children sit around a table. One boy writes, another plays a small recorder; two girls look on.

Joseph Neville

British psychiatrist, amateur basset recorder player, and ceramicist; born 1925.

Rejoice in the Lord Alway (2000), glazed clay figurine, ca 16 cm high, base ca 15 cm in diameter, Joseph Neville (1925-). Norwich: Ron Skins. Ref. Joseph Neville to Anthony Rowland-Jones (pers. comm., 2003). Made as a gift for Ron Skins who had conducted the recorder group in Norwich in which the artist participates. Surrounded by ducks, a man with bulging eyes wearing a cowl plays a basset recorder with bocal. On the bass are the words "Rejoice in the Lord Alway".
Thou hast thy Music (2001), glazed clay figurine, ca 16 cm high, base ca 15 cm in diameter, Joseph Neville (1925-). Norwich: Ron Skins. Ref. Joseph Neville to Anthony Rowland-Jones (pers. comm., 2003). Made as a gift for Ron Skins who had conducted the recorder group in Norwich in which the artist participates. Surrounded by ducks, a dragon sits playing a basset recorder with a bocal and fontanelle.

Beth Neville

Contemporary American draughtswoman, painter, muralist, stained glass maker, sculpter, teacher. Website.

Bob Neville Playing the Recorder in his Study, West Haven, CT, oil on masonite, Beth Neville (contemporary). Ref. Neville Art Enterprises (2005 - col.) Bob stands at his desk playing a flared-bell tenor-sized recorder with a bulbous beak.

R.A. Nicholson

R.A. Nicholson has been working as a self-taught artist for the past 40 years. Initially working with house paints and scraps of cardboard, Nicholson eventually moved on to bigger and better art supplies. While many of Nicholson's newer works do not quite fit into the "Thrift Store Art" aesthetic, his early '70's output perfectly captures the spirit of the genre. Whether referencing the ubiquitous 1960's "big-eye" portraits of Keane, pushing the boundaries of abstract surrealism, or experimenting with new styles and techniques, Nicholson is a unique and talented artist. From Thrift Store Art (2002, see below).

Flute (1973), 30 × 35 cm, R.A. Nicholson. Thrift Store Art: Gallery VIII. Ref. Flautotraverso (2002 - col.); Thrift Store Art (2002 - col.) A psychedelic man with a moustache and beard plays a conical pipe which, to judge by the title, must be a duct-flute.

Pere Nicolau

Spanish artist, one of the earliest exponents of the international gothic style in Catalonia; painter of religious subjects, including altarpieces; active 1390-1408.

Annunciation to the Shepherds, Pere Nicolau (op. 1390-1408). El Burgo de Osma: Cathedral. Ref. Ballester (2001: 12, fig. 3-b&w). Two shepherds gaze up in wonder at the angel who signals his announcement to them on a lettered scroll. A third shepherd seated on a hill plays a pipe (details unclear, but possibly a duct-flute).

Adam Niklewicz

Contemporary Polish artist now living in the USA; specialises in illustration for book covers, magazine covers and trade publications; painter of "existential cartoons", sleek often black and white paintings which present emphatic, graphic images of the human figure that have assumed a kind of mechanical condition. A different person to the sculptor of the same name.

Untitled (1999), Adam Niklewicz (contemporary). Ref. American Recorder 40(4): cover-col. (1999). Stylized recorders depicted as trees are planted upside down, their feet turning into branches. In the background the silhouette of a man is glimpsed through a window playing a recorder.
Recorder Player in a Hammock, Adam Niklewicz (contemporary). Ref. American Recorder, 41, September: cover-col. (2000). A man lies playing his recorder in a hammock made of a musical stave. A dragonfly flits above him.

Adam Niklewicz

Contemporary Polish artist now living in the USA. A different person to the illustrator of the same name (see above).

Romantycznosc (2002), dry sausage, 30.5 × 3.8 × 3.8 cm, Adam Niklewicz (contemporary). Ref. Artists Space, Irving Sandler Fine Arts Online (2005). Described on the artist's web-site as a fully functional recorder made entirely from a sausage, but appears to be a six-holed pipe. Accompanied by a recording in which " … a musician, commissioned by the artist, plays a polonaise, bringing together two emblems of Polish culture, one culinary, the other musical, in an absurd collision where nostalgia, self-awareness, and the Romantic are all equal causalties" (Steven Holmes, Curator, The Cartin Collection).

Johann Esias [Esaias] Nilson

German miniature painter, draughtsman and designer of rococo ornament, also etched prints to be hand-colored, cut out, and pasted on furniture; born Böteborg (1721), died Augsburg (1788); son of Swedish painter Andreas Nilson and miniaturist Rosina Barbara Nilson.

La Musique Pastorale (ca 1770), engraving, Johann Esias Nilson (1721-1788). Paris: Collection Prouté. Ref. Paris RIdIM (1999). A woman in a floral hat sits beneath a tree playing a xylophone to accompany a young man in a laced jacket and ribboned bonnet playing a cylindrical recorder.
[Title unknown], engraving, Johann Esias Nilson (1721-1788). Lübeck: Museen für Kunst- und Kulturgeschichte, AB 230A. Ref. Munich RIdIM (1999: LÜmk 8). In a park, a woman dances to the music of a man playing a tenor-sized flared-bell duct-flute (probably a recorder) seated beneath a tree. The window/labium and beak of the instrument are clearly depicted, and all four fingers of the lowermost (left) hand appear to be in use.

Jan Frans Nollekens

Flemish painter; born Antwerp (1602), died London (1648).

Children's Concert / Conversation Piece / Three Children Making Music, Jan Frans Nollekens (1602-1648). Private Collection. Ref. Archiv Moeck; Antwerp KMSK Jaarboek (1967: 270); Apollo (1972, 95: 40 - b&w); Rasmussen (2002, Keyboard). A young girl (ca 15 years old) plays a keyboard instrument (probaby a harpsichord); a young man behind her plays the organ, with one hand and beats time with the other; a young boy (ca 8-10 years old) plays a soprano recorder with the bell-shaped foot characteristic of the baroque instrument.

Cornelis van Noorde (1731-1795), Dutch – see Rembrandt van Rijn

Siard Nosecký

Czech painter and member of the Premonsterian Order who decorated the summer refectory of Strahov monastery, unique for the 300 figures represented in a relatively small area; born 1693, died 1753.

The Heavenly Feast of the Just (1749), fresco, Siard Nosecký (1693-1753). Prague: Královská kanonie premonstrátu, Summer Refectory. Ref. Anonymous (1977: 164); Thomson & Rowland-Jones (1995: 201, pl. 40-b&w). Musicians playing tambourine, flute, trumpet, cello and what looks like a bass recorder (though possibly a sordun) perched dangerously on top of a capital.

Pietro Giovanni Novelli [Il Monrealese]

Italian artist; born Monreale (1603), died Palermo (1647).

The Musical Duel of Apollo and Marsyas (1631/1932), oil on canvas, 154 × 198 cm, Pietro Giovanni Novelli (1603-1647). Caen: Musée des Tapisseries, Inv. 10. Ref. Catalogue (1928: 51); Joconde; Darmstädter & Brown (2006: 29, pl. 2 - col.) Inspired by a depiction of the same subject by van Dyck. Painted for a Jesuit monastery, because of its religious symbolism. Apollo, seated on a rock or stump plays a violin. Marsyas, seated rather clumsily on the ground below, holds away from his mouth, a tenor/alto size recorder in an almost vertical position. His fingers are slightly drawn back from the uplifted instrument, not quite covering all the holes (left hand lower). In this position the windway can be seen – and it is curved, with the block very slightly obtruding. It is also surprisingly long – the window/labium is very clearly shown in this rather low position. Other than those covered by the outstretched fingers, one upper and three lower finger-holes are visible, in line, plus an offset finger-hole for the right-hand little finger (presumably blocked), and possibly just visible, the edge of its corresponding pair. The recorder is cylindrical nearly up to the bell end where there is some flare with two incised decorative rings. Notes by Anthony Rowland-Jones (pers. comm., 2000).

Sebastiano Novelli (fl. 1540), Italian

Assumption with Saints Michel and Lorenzo, painting on canvas, 167 × 130 cm, Sebastinao Novelli (fl. 1540). Vercelli: San Lorenzo, Trino Vercellese. Ref. Museo, Borgogna (1976: 24-25, 78 0 b&w); Villa I Tatti 6919V45063; Paolo Biordi (pers. comm., 2000). Above the Saints the Virgin ascends into heaven surrounded by winged putti singing and playing trumpets, and one in the top right hand corner who plays a slender cylindrical pipe, possibly a recorder.

J. Nutter (op. 1864), English

The Whistle, J. Nutter, J. (op. 1864) London: Chenil Galleries. Ref. Bridgeman Art Library (2003: Image CG 19083). Four children who have been gathering bracken on the surrounding moors listen to a lad sitting on a rock playing a duct-flute, probably a penny whistle, as the title suggets.